EIA:
Environmental Impact Assessment is a process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigation the biophysical, social and other relevent effects of proposed projects and physical activities prior to major decisions and commitments being made.
Objectives of EIA:
Immediate objectives of EIA are to:
• improve the environmental design of the proposal;
• ensure that resources are used appropriately and efficiently;
• identify appropriate measures for mitigating the potential impacts of the proposal; and
• facilitate informed decision making, including setting the environmental terms and conditions for implementing the proposal.
Long term objectives of EIA are to:
• protect human health and safety;
• avoid irreversible changes and serious damage to the environment;
• safeguard valued resources, natural areas and ecosystem components; and
• enhance the social aspects of the proposal.
Major Trends of in EIA/ Evolution of EIA:
The evolution of EIA can be divided into four overlapping phases:
i) Introduction and early development (1970-1975) – mandate and foundations of EIAestablished in the USA; then adopted by a few other countries (e.g. Australia, Canada, NewZealand); basic concept, procedure and methodology still apply.
ii) Increasing scope and sophistication (mid ’70s to early ’80s) – more advanced techniques (e.g. risk assessment)guidance on process implementation (e.g. screening and scoping); social impacts considered; public inquiries and reviews
iii) Process strengthening and integration (early ‘80’s to early ’90s) – review of EIA practice and experience; scientific and institutional frameworks of EIA updated; coordination of EIA with other processes, (e.g. project appraisal,Land use planning etc).
iv) Strategic and sustainability orientation (early ’90s to date).
Core Values of EIA:
The Effectiveness Study identified three core values on which the EIA process
is based:
Integrity– the EIA process should meet internationally accepted requirements and standards of practice;
Utility– the EIA process should provide the information which is sufficient and relevant for decision-making; and
Sustainability– the EIA process should result in the implementation of
Environmental safeguards
Sufficient to mitigate serious adverse effects
Avoid irreversible loss of resource and ecosystem functions.
Guiding Principles of EIA:
Guiding principals of EIA can be explicated as below:
Purposive– EIA should meet its aims of informing decision making and ensuring
an appropriate level of environmental protection and human health.
Focused– EIA should concentrate on significant environmental effects, taking into account the issues that matter.
Adaptive– EIA should be adjusted to the realities, issues and circumstances of the proposals under review.
Participative– EIA should provide appropriate opportunities to inform and involve the interested and affected publics, and their inputs and concerns should be addressed explicitly.
Transparent– EIA should be a clear, easily understood and open process, with early notification procedure, access to documentation, and a public record of decisions taken and reasons for them.
Rigorous– EIA should apply the ‘best practicable’ methodologies to address the impacts and issues being investigated.
Practical– EIA should identify measures for impact mitigation that work and can be implemented.
Credible– EIA should be carried out with professionalism, rigor, fairness, objectivity, impartiality and balance.
Efficient–EIA should impose the minimum cost burden on proponents consistent with meeting process requirements and objectives.
Deficiencies of EIA Practice:
• Technical shortcomings, expressed by the poor quality of many EIA reports.
The limitations may be in this regard:
the accuracy of impact predictions,
the utility of mitigation and management measures, and
the relevance of reports for decision-making.
• Procedural limitations, including
inconsistencies in process administration and
guidance.
• Structural issues may be
unrelated to the project cycle or the larger context of decisionmaking
incoherent policy-planning framework and
unsystematic follow up procedures.
In general the benefits of EIA include:
• Better environmental planning and design of a proposal: A well-designed project can minimise risks and impacts on the environment and people, and thereby avoid associated costs of remedial treatment or compensation for damage.
• Ensuring compliance with environmental standards. Compliance with environmental standards reduces damage to the environment and disruption to communities. It also avoids the likelihood of penalties, fines and loss of trust and credibility.
• Savings in capital and operating costs. EIA can avoid the undue costs of unanticipated impacts. These can escalate if environmental problems have not been considered from the start of proposal design and require rectification later.
Costs
It can be difficult to determine the exact costs. The World Bank notes that the cost of preparing an EIA rarely exceeds one per cent of the project costs and this percentage can be reduced further if local personnel are used to do most of the work. For Bank projects, the relative cost of an EIA typically ranges from only 0.06 per cent to 0.10 per cent of total project costs. The total cost of an EIA might range from a few thousand dollars for a very small project, to over a million dollars for a large and complex project. Cost increases when
• The EIA is commenced too late in the project cycle;
• The terms of reference are poorly drafted;
• The EIA is not managed to a schedule;
• The technical and consultative components of EIA are inadequate; and
• The EIA report is incomplete or deficient as a basis for decision making.
Capacity Building & EIA:
Capacity building is the long-term, voluntary process of increasing the ability of a country to identify and solve its own problems and risks, and to maximize its opportunities. In this context,
Countries should firstly aim to carry out their own EIAs of proposals.
They should aim to use local experts as much as possible
Where this is not possible without compromising the quality of EIAs and outside experts must be engaged
Every opportunity should be taken to transfer their expertise to local personnel.
Capacity building can be carried out in a number of ways, including institutional strengthening, technical assistance advice, and EIA training programmers.
Strengthening Education and research institutions.
Capacity building can be archived in some other ways as,
-advice on drafting or strengthening EIA legislation and procedures,
-improving their application to relevant sectors, such as energy and mining, and
-Strengthening particular aspects of practice, such as public involvement.
An important question may be ‘how the global environmental problems are described or categorized?’
Ans. Depend on self reading.
Clue: There are two ways to describe the environmental problems of the world.
First way, is geographically. It is categorized in two ways. As,
Regional agenda
Global agenda
Second way is production related. As,
Brown agenda: reduction of environmental pollutants
Green agenda: reduction of exploring of natural resources.
For detail go through the EIA lecture notes ‘soft copy’.
Chapter 2
Law, Policy and institutional Arrangement for EIA System
Key Trends of in the Development of EIA System:
EIA systems have become progressively more broadly based, encompassing a wider range of impacts, higher levels of decisionmaking and new areas of emphasis. In particular, there are trends toward:
more systematic procedures for EIA implementation, quality control, compliance and enforcement;
integrated consideration of biophysical, social, risk, health and other impacts;
extended temporal and spatial frameworks, which include cumulative, trans-boundary and ecosystem-level effects and, to a lesser extent, global change;
increasing provision for strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of policy, plan and programme proposals;
incorporation of sustainability perspectives and principles into EIA and SEA processes; and
greater linkage of EIA systems with other planning, regulatory and management regimes.
These trends are identified in the International Study of EA Effectiveness.
Legal and Institutional Characteristics:
Every EIA system is distinctive to some degree, reflecting the political system of a country. An EIA framework or components from one country may not be readily imported into another, at least without significant adaptation. The key provisions of application, including:
• The designation of an authority responsible for overseeing the implementation of EIA procedure;
• The requirement for public participation, and whether it is a mandatory or discretionary procedure; and
• Procedural checks and balances for EIA quality control, comprising key stages of the EIA process.
In some developing countries for example the arrangements for public participation made by individual countries may vary significantly, reflecting different traditions and styles of governance. Some countries have established a separate EIA authority; in others the EIA process is administered by the environment department or by the planning authority. No single EIA model is appropriate for all countries.
Types and Examples of EIA System:
Two main types of legal provision are made for EIA:
• General environmental or resource management law, which incorporates EIA requirements and procedure; and
• An EIA specific law, which can either be comprehensive or take the form of a framework or enabling statute.
World Bank Environmental Agenda:
• Do-No-Harm To mitigate the potential adverse effects of the Bank’s investment projects on the environment and vulnerable populations, EIA procedures and safeguard policies are applied. In many cases, these have contributed to better project design and environmental management plans have helped to improve project implementation.
• Targeted Environmental Assistance To foster long-term environmental sustainability and improve conditions in developing countries, designated Bank projects target the following areas:
sustainable natural resource management, including watershed protection and biodiversity conservation;
pollution management and urban environmental improvements;
environmental institution and capacity building, and
global environmental actions
• ‘Mainstreaming’ the Environment at the Level of Policy and Programmers
To integrate environmental concerns at the macro level, the Bank has reviewed the policies of the energy, rural development and other sectors.
Legal, Policy and Institutional Arrangement:
Experience in many countries indicates that the foundations of an effective EIA system are established by the following arrangements:
• Explicit basis in law and regulation;
• Clear statement of objective(s) and requirement(s);
• Mandatory compliance and enforcement;
• Comprehensive scope of application to proposals with potentially significant impacts;
• Prescribed process of steps and activities;
• Provision for public consultation and access to information; and
• Linkage to project authorisation, permitting and condition setting.
In terms of legal provision, aspects of specific importance include:
• Broad definition of the environment and ‘effects’;
• Duty to avoid, mitigate or remedy adverse effects arising from an activity;
• Requirement for an EIA report to specify mitigation measures the proponent intends to apply;
• Procedural guidance on compliance and good practice in applying EIA arrangements; and
• giving reasons for decisions on proposals subject to EIA.
In developing countries experience has shown a number of underlying conditions will determine whether and how an EIA system is instituted. These are interrelated and reinforcing, and include:
• A functional legal regime;
• Sound administration and flexible policy-making;
• Stakeholder understanding of the aims of the process and its potential benefits;
• Political commitment;
• Institutional capacity for implementation;
• Adequate technical capacity, data and information;
• Public involvement; and
• Financial capacity
Steps towards establishing an EIA system
A number of steps can be taken in adopting or adapting a national EIA system to meet the needs of a particular country, including the following:
• establish the goals and objectives of the EIA process;
• review EIA systems established in neighbouring and other countries
• identify, and cater for, international obligations and commitments
• learn from the experience of others
• incorporate features that will facilitate the move towards sustainability;
• identify appropriate standards and procedures;
• develop trial guidelines to test the system in practice;
• draft or revise the legislation necessary to implement the necessary changes; and
• incorporate measures to appropriately monitor and review the EIA.
Developing ‘Rules of Thumb’
Consider the following in developing the list:
• Without a clear legal and institutional framework, EIA is ad hoc and the benefits are lost or reduced.
• EIA relies on and is assisted by other environmental policy and regulatory systems which set objectives and standards (e.g. for ambient air quality, emission and discharge limits etc.).
• Other EIA systems always need to be adapted to the ‘political culture’ of a specific country
• EIA should apply equally to private and publicly funded projects;
• In order to achieve maximum effectiveness, the EIA process should be integrated with the project cycle at the earliest pre-feasibility stage.
• A quick start up to gain ‘hands on’ experience with EIA arrangements is usually preferable to lengthy preparatory studies.
• This approach will pay most dividends when it is part of an explicit attempt to ‘learn and adapt as you go’.
• Even though institutional capability may be at an early stage, EIA can still lead to substantial benefits in the form of better environmental protection.
• When proponents, the government and the public are experienced in the process they are more likely to have realistic expectations of the process and its outcomes.
Chapter 3
Public Involvement
Purpose and Objectives of Public Involvement:
The purpose of public involvement is to:
• inform the stakeholders about the proposal and its likely effects;
• canvass their inputs, views and concerns; and
• take account of the information and views of the public in the EIA and decision making.
The key objectives of public involvement are to:
• obtain local and traditional knowledge that may be useful for decisionmaking;
• facilitate consideration of alternatives, mitigation measures and tradeoffs;
• ensure that important impacts are not overlooked and benefits are maximized
• reduce conflict through the early identification of contentious issues;
• provide an opportunity for the public to influence project design in a positive manner (thereby creating a sense of ownership of the proposal);
• improve transparency and accountability of decision-making; and
• increase public confidence in the EIA process.
Terms and Definitions Used in Public Involvement:
• informing – one way flow of information from the proponent to the public;
• consulting – two way flow of information between the proponent and the public with opportunities for the public to express views on the proposal;
• participating – interactive exchange between the proponent and the public encompassing shared analysis and agenda setting and the development of understood and agreed positions on the proposal and its impacts; and
• negotiating – face to face discussion between the proponent and key stakeholders to build consensus and reach a mutually acceptable resolution of issues, for example on a package of impact mitigation and compensation measures.
Who should be Involved in Public Participation:
The range of stakeholders involved in an EIA typically includes:
• The people – individuals, groups and communities – who are affected by the proposal;
• The proponent and other project beneficiaries;
• Government agencies;
• NGOs and interest groups; and
• Others, such as donors, the private sector, academics etc.
Principles of Public Involvement:
The process should be:
• Inclusive – covers all stakeholders
• Open and transparent – steps and activities are understood
• Relevant – focused on the issues that matter
• Fair – conducted impartially and without bias toward any stakeholder
• Responsive – to stakeholder requirements and inputs
• Credible – builds confidence and trust
Immediate objectives of EIA are to:
• improve the environmental design of the proposal;
• ensure that resources are used appropriately and efficiently;
• identify appropriate measures for mitigating the potential impacts of the proposal; and
• facilitate informed decision making, including setting the environmental terms and conditions for implementing the proposal.
Long term objectives of EIA are to:
• protect human health and safety;
• avoid irreversible changes and serious damage to the environment;
• safeguard valued resources, natural areas and ecosystem components; and
• enhance the social aspects of the proposal.
Major Trends of in EIA/ Evolution of EIA:
The evolution of EIA can be divided into four overlapping phases:
i) Introduction and early development (1970-1975) – mandate and foundations of EIAestablished in the USA; then adopted by a few other countries (e.g. Australia, Canada, NewZealand); basic concept, procedure and methodology still apply.
ii) Increasing scope and sophistication (mid ’70s to early ’80s) – more advanced techniques (e.g. risk assessment)guidance on process implementation (e.g. screening and scoping); social impacts considered; public inquiries and reviews
iii) Process strengthening and integration (early ‘80’s to early ’90s) – review of EIA practice and experience; scientific and institutional frameworks of EIA updated; coordination of EIA with other processes, (e.g. project appraisal,Land use planning etc).
iv) Strategic and sustainability orientation (early ’90s to date).
Core Values of EIA:
The Effectiveness Study identified three core values on which the EIA process
is based:
Integrity– the EIA process should meet internationally accepted requirements and standards of practice;
Utility– the EIA process should provide the information which is sufficient and relevant for decision-making; and
Sustainability– the EIA process should result in the implementation of
Environmental safeguards
Sufficient to mitigate serious adverse effects
Avoid irreversible loss of resource and ecosystem functions.
Guiding Principles of EIA:
Guiding principals of EIA can be explicated as below:
Purposive– EIA should meet its aims of informing decision making and ensuring
an appropriate level of environmental protection and human health.
Focused– EIA should concentrate on significant environmental effects, taking into account the issues that matter.
Adaptive– EIA should be adjusted to the realities, issues and circumstances of the proposals under review.
Participative– EIA should provide appropriate opportunities to inform and involve the interested and affected publics, and their inputs and concerns should be addressed explicitly.
Transparent– EIA should be a clear, easily understood and open process, with early notification procedure, access to documentation, and a public record of decisions taken and reasons for them.
Rigorous– EIA should apply the ‘best practicable’ methodologies to address the impacts and issues being investigated.
Practical– EIA should identify measures for impact mitigation that work and can be implemented.
Credible– EIA should be carried out with professionalism, rigor, fairness, objectivity, impartiality and balance.
Efficient–EIA should impose the minimum cost burden on proponents consistent with meeting process requirements and objectives.
Deficiencies of EIA Practice:
• Technical shortcomings, expressed by the poor quality of many EIA reports.
The limitations may be in this regard:
the accuracy of impact predictions,
the utility of mitigation and management measures, and
the relevance of reports for decision-making.
• Procedural limitations, including
inconsistencies in process administration and
guidance.
• Structural issues may be
unrelated to the project cycle or the larger context of decisionmaking
incoherent policy-planning framework and
unsystematic follow up procedures.
In general the benefits of EIA include:
• Better environmental planning and design of a proposal: A well-designed project can minimise risks and impacts on the environment and people, and thereby avoid associated costs of remedial treatment or compensation for damage.
• Ensuring compliance with environmental standards. Compliance with environmental standards reduces damage to the environment and disruption to communities. It also avoids the likelihood of penalties, fines and loss of trust and credibility.
• Savings in capital and operating costs. EIA can avoid the undue costs of unanticipated impacts. These can escalate if environmental problems have not been considered from the start of proposal design and require rectification later.
Costs
It can be difficult to determine the exact costs. The World Bank notes that the cost of preparing an EIA rarely exceeds one per cent of the project costs and this percentage can be reduced further if local personnel are used to do most of the work. For Bank projects, the relative cost of an EIA typically ranges from only 0.06 per cent to 0.10 per cent of total project costs. The total cost of an EIA might range from a few thousand dollars for a very small project, to over a million dollars for a large and complex project. Cost increases when
• The EIA is commenced too late in the project cycle;
• The terms of reference are poorly drafted;
• The EIA is not managed to a schedule;
• The technical and consultative components of EIA are inadequate; and
• The EIA report is incomplete or deficient as a basis for decision making.
Capacity Building & EIA:
Capacity building is the long-term, voluntary process of increasing the ability of a country to identify and solve its own problems and risks, and to maximize its opportunities. In this context,
Countries should firstly aim to carry out their own EIAs of proposals.
They should aim to use local experts as much as possible
Where this is not possible without compromising the quality of EIAs and outside experts must be engaged
Every opportunity should be taken to transfer their expertise to local personnel.
Capacity building can be carried out in a number of ways, including institutional strengthening, technical assistance advice, and EIA training programmers.
Strengthening Education and research institutions.
Capacity building can be archived in some other ways as,
-advice on drafting or strengthening EIA legislation and procedures,
-improving their application to relevant sectors, such as energy and mining, and
-Strengthening particular aspects of practice, such as public involvement.
An important question may be ‘how the global environmental problems are described or categorized?’
Ans. Depend on self reading.
Clue: There are two ways to describe the environmental problems of the world.
First way, is geographically. It is categorized in two ways. As,
Regional agenda
Global agenda
Second way is production related. As,
Brown agenda: reduction of environmental pollutants
Green agenda: reduction of exploring of natural resources.
For detail go through the EIA lecture notes ‘soft copy’.
Chapter 2
Law, Policy and institutional Arrangement for EIA System
Key Trends of in the Development of EIA System:
EIA systems have become progressively more broadly based, encompassing a wider range of impacts, higher levels of decisionmaking and new areas of emphasis. In particular, there are trends toward:
more systematic procedures for EIA implementation, quality control, compliance and enforcement;
integrated consideration of biophysical, social, risk, health and other impacts;
extended temporal and spatial frameworks, which include cumulative, trans-boundary and ecosystem-level effects and, to a lesser extent, global change;
increasing provision for strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of policy, plan and programme proposals;
incorporation of sustainability perspectives and principles into EIA and SEA processes; and
greater linkage of EIA systems with other planning, regulatory and management regimes.
These trends are identified in the International Study of EA Effectiveness.
Legal and Institutional Characteristics:
Every EIA system is distinctive to some degree, reflecting the political system of a country. An EIA framework or components from one country may not be readily imported into another, at least without significant adaptation. The key provisions of application, including:
• The designation of an authority responsible for overseeing the implementation of EIA procedure;
• The requirement for public participation, and whether it is a mandatory or discretionary procedure; and
• Procedural checks and balances for EIA quality control, comprising key stages of the EIA process.
In some developing countries for example the arrangements for public participation made by individual countries may vary significantly, reflecting different traditions and styles of governance. Some countries have established a separate EIA authority; in others the EIA process is administered by the environment department or by the planning authority. No single EIA model is appropriate for all countries.
Types and Examples of EIA System:
Two main types of legal provision are made for EIA:
• General environmental or resource management law, which incorporates EIA requirements and procedure; and
• An EIA specific law, which can either be comprehensive or take the form of a framework or enabling statute.
World Bank Environmental Agenda:
• Do-No-Harm To mitigate the potential adverse effects of the Bank’s investment projects on the environment and vulnerable populations, EIA procedures and safeguard policies are applied. In many cases, these have contributed to better project design and environmental management plans have helped to improve project implementation.
• Targeted Environmental Assistance To foster long-term environmental sustainability and improve conditions in developing countries, designated Bank projects target the following areas:
sustainable natural resource management, including watershed protection and biodiversity conservation;
pollution management and urban environmental improvements;
environmental institution and capacity building, and
global environmental actions
• ‘Mainstreaming’ the Environment at the Level of Policy and Programmers
To integrate environmental concerns at the macro level, the Bank has reviewed the policies of the energy, rural development and other sectors.
Legal, Policy and Institutional Arrangement:
Experience in many countries indicates that the foundations of an effective EIA system are established by the following arrangements:
• Explicit basis in law and regulation;
• Clear statement of objective(s) and requirement(s);
• Mandatory compliance and enforcement;
• Comprehensive scope of application to proposals with potentially significant impacts;
• Prescribed process of steps and activities;
• Provision for public consultation and access to information; and
• Linkage to project authorisation, permitting and condition setting.
In terms of legal provision, aspects of specific importance include:
• Broad definition of the environment and ‘effects’;
• Duty to avoid, mitigate or remedy adverse effects arising from an activity;
• Requirement for an EIA report to specify mitigation measures the proponent intends to apply;
• Procedural guidance on compliance and good practice in applying EIA arrangements; and
• giving reasons for decisions on proposals subject to EIA.
In developing countries experience has shown a number of underlying conditions will determine whether and how an EIA system is instituted. These are interrelated and reinforcing, and include:
• A functional legal regime;
• Sound administration and flexible policy-making;
• Stakeholder understanding of the aims of the process and its potential benefits;
• Political commitment;
• Institutional capacity for implementation;
• Adequate technical capacity, data and information;
• Public involvement; and
• Financial capacity
Steps towards establishing an EIA system
A number of steps can be taken in adopting or adapting a national EIA system to meet the needs of a particular country, including the following:
• establish the goals and objectives of the EIA process;
• review EIA systems established in neighbouring and other countries
• identify, and cater for, international obligations and commitments
• learn from the experience of others
• incorporate features that will facilitate the move towards sustainability;
• identify appropriate standards and procedures;
• develop trial guidelines to test the system in practice;
• draft or revise the legislation necessary to implement the necessary changes; and
• incorporate measures to appropriately monitor and review the EIA.
Developing ‘Rules of Thumb’
Consider the following in developing the list:
• Without a clear legal and institutional framework, EIA is ad hoc and the benefits are lost or reduced.
• EIA relies on and is assisted by other environmental policy and regulatory systems which set objectives and standards (e.g. for ambient air quality, emission and discharge limits etc.).
• Other EIA systems always need to be adapted to the ‘political culture’ of a specific country
• EIA should apply equally to private and publicly funded projects;
• In order to achieve maximum effectiveness, the EIA process should be integrated with the project cycle at the earliest pre-feasibility stage.
• A quick start up to gain ‘hands on’ experience with EIA arrangements is usually preferable to lengthy preparatory studies.
• This approach will pay most dividends when it is part of an explicit attempt to ‘learn and adapt as you go’.
• Even though institutional capability may be at an early stage, EIA can still lead to substantial benefits in the form of better environmental protection.
• When proponents, the government and the public are experienced in the process they are more likely to have realistic expectations of the process and its outcomes.
Chapter 3
Public Involvement
Purpose and Objectives of Public Involvement:
The purpose of public involvement is to:
• inform the stakeholders about the proposal and its likely effects;
• canvass their inputs, views and concerns; and
• take account of the information and views of the public in the EIA and decision making.
The key objectives of public involvement are to:
• obtain local and traditional knowledge that may be useful for decisionmaking;
• facilitate consideration of alternatives, mitigation measures and tradeoffs;
• ensure that important impacts are not overlooked and benefits are maximized
• reduce conflict through the early identification of contentious issues;
• provide an opportunity for the public to influence project design in a positive manner (thereby creating a sense of ownership of the proposal);
• improve transparency and accountability of decision-making; and
• increase public confidence in the EIA process.
Terms and Definitions Used in Public Involvement:
• informing – one way flow of information from the proponent to the public;
• consulting – two way flow of information between the proponent and the public with opportunities for the public to express views on the proposal;
• participating – interactive exchange between the proponent and the public encompassing shared analysis and agenda setting and the development of understood and agreed positions on the proposal and its impacts; and
• negotiating – face to face discussion between the proponent and key stakeholders to build consensus and reach a mutually acceptable resolution of issues, for example on a package of impact mitigation and compensation measures.
Who should be Involved in Public Participation:
The range of stakeholders involved in an EIA typically includes:
• The people – individuals, groups and communities – who are affected by the proposal;
• The proponent and other project beneficiaries;
• Government agencies;
• NGOs and interest groups; and
• Others, such as donors, the private sector, academics etc.
Principles of Public Involvement:
The process should be:
• Inclusive – covers all stakeholders
• Open and transparent – steps and activities are understood
• Relevant – focused on the issues that matter
• Fair – conducted impartially and without bias toward any stakeholder
• Responsive – to stakeholder requirements and inputs
• Credible – builds confidence and trust
.
.
.
